One thing that makes a good difference, and is the basis of any engine upgrade, is to make sure it is in a good state of tune to begin with. Change the plugs, wire, upgrade to a HEI distributer(less than $100), make sure the carb is in good condition and opperating as it should. Possibly invest in a leakdown test for all cylinders. then you can start improvements.
If you are handy changing your cam and lifters is a good saterday job, with spectacular results(by far the most bang for the buck), high ratio rockers are almost free HP, but be sure to match the cam to your expected goal, carb and drivability range.
IF you have a 2 barrel carb, chnaging the intake manifold and carb for a 4 barrel unit will do a world of good as well.
If you find that the base needs some work(low compression, loose bearings ect, you can look to your local race track for a good engine at a affordable price. If you have a local track that runs GM spec engines, many teams elec to change them every year, a new engine is around $3500, amny 1 season engins sell for around $1500, and once off the track will last for years if it was well maintained(look for a front running team, they usually keep things straight).