I found some rotary polishers here, they all have a thread of 14MM on the axle. What sort of backing plate and pads do I have to order then (In US size...)
You can still get away with using backing plates meant for 5/8"-11 UNC spindles but you can probably turn it once or twice only - it won't screw all the way in.
It sounds dangerous but I've been using mine like this without any problems.
As for the pads, I suggest using 5-inch backing plates for 6- and 6.5-inch pads. Most pads are 6-inch pads are really 6.5-inch pads though.