Bobby G
11-10-2006, 04:11 PM
In a perfect world, you wouldn`t need to polish your car`s paint.` Cleaning and waxing is all that`s really necessary to protect and beautify your car`s finish.` Unfortunately, we don`t live in a perfect world.` Your car`s paint is bombarded by contaminants and assaulted by foreign objects every day.
Some automotive appearance experts suggest that it`s possible to maintain a car`s paint without polishing at all.` I`m not as optimistic.` I recommend polishing when it`s necessary to solve a specific problem or to achieve a desired result.` I will discuss advanced uses of polish in later chapters.` For now, you can think of polish as a tool for pre-wax cleaning and improving paint gloss.` A fine polish gently removes surface contamination and improves surface reflectivity.
<h3>UNDERSTANDING CAR POLISH</h3>Before we can talk about polishing, we need to establish a common understanding of what polish is.` The word polish is highly misused throughout the car care and appearance industry.
For our purposes, a paint polish is an abrasive lotion or cream used to remove small amounts of the paint`s surface.` The cutting ability of the polish will determine the amount of paint removed with each hand stroke or each revolution of a buffer, as well as the resulting finish.` A fine polish will create a bright, glassy finish, whereas a coarse polish may cloud the paint`s surface.` Each polish is designed for a specific purpose (e.g., repair or refine) and application (e.g., hand or machine).` Here`s how I classify polishes:
Abrasive paper or pad - An ultra-fine grade of sandpaper (1500 to 3000 grit) can be used effectively to level a paint finish and remove imperfections.` I mention sandpaper here because it is an abrasive, like all polishes, and it has its place in the polishing chain.
Compound - A compound, often called a rubbing compound, is a cutting polish designed to remove heavy oxidation, some common forms of paint damage and defects, and the scratches created by fine sandpaper.
Polish - A specially formulated blend of components designed to remove minor scratches, surface imperfections, water spots, acid rain spots, light oxidation, and the swirl marks created by compounding with a machine.
Glaze - A very fine polish.` Some glazes are safe to use on fresh paint, as they do not seal.` A glaze does not have enough cutting power to remove imperfections, but will increase surface gloss.
Pre-wax cleaner - A polish containing chemical cleaners to help remove minor surface contamination and dirt not handled by normal washing or claying.
You may be asking why I didn`t mention detailing clay.` While detailing clay is an abrasive suspended in a clay or elastic base, its purpose is to remove particles from the paint`s surface and not the paint itself.
<h3>Car Polish Selection</h3>The car care market is flooded with polishes, each promising to work one miracle or another.` Selection is difficult at best.` For the purpose of our discussion, it`s necessary to create a reference.
It`s important to note that polishes may be specifically created for hand or machine use.` The difference between a machine polish and a hand polish is how the abrasive material breaks down in use.` The abrasives in most polishes break down (diminish) into finer particles, allowing the polish to "buff out."` If you use a machine polish by hand, the particles may not break down, and the finish will not buff out properly.
Conversely, using a hand polish with a machine will cause the polish to break down too quickly, and you won`t get enough cutting action.` A few polishes work by hand or machine, because they don`t use diminishing abrasives or they are not temperature sensitive (buffing pads create heat).
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="width: 100.0%; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none"><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Polish</td> <td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Grade</td><td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Purpose</td></tr><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border-left: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">1500 - 2000 grit sanding material</td><td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> 6</td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">Repairing chips and scratches, blending repairs.</td></tr><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border-left: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">2500 - 3000 grit sanding material</td><td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> 5</td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">Light color sanding and leveling.</td></tr><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border-left: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Heavy cut compound</td> <td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> 4</td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">A compound (often called a paint cleaner) used to safely remove grade 1500 or finer sanding scratches, other fine scratches, medium oxidation, coarse swirl marks or water spots.` Leaves a fine finish ready for final polishing.` Contains no waxes or silicones.</td></tr><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border-left: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Fine cut compound </td> <td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> 3</td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">A swirl-remover polish designed to remove fine swirl marks, cob web effect and light compound hazing.` Leaves a glazed finish ready for waxing or fine polishing.` Contains no waxes or silicones.</td></tr><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border-left: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Final finish polish</td> <td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> 2</td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">A fine polish formulated to create a highly polished finish. ` Contains no waxes or silicones.` Leaves a wheel-mark-free finish when applied with a foam polishing pad.</td></tr><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border-left: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Pre-wax cleaner polish</td> <td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> 1</td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">An ultra-fine pre-wax paint cleaner and glaze designed for hand or machine application.` It is used to maintain paint in perfect condition.` This product offers very little abrasive polishing action.` Contains silicones for added gloss.</td></tr></table>
The chart above shows six grades of abrasive finish material.
<h3>New Advances In Car Polish Technology</h3>Now that I just finished telling you about all of the different grades of car polish, let me also tell you that in 2008 there was a huge advancement in paint polishing abrasives and car polish technology.` Through the use of highly perfected micro-abrasive, it is now possible to formulate a single polish that will cut, polish and finish.` Meguiar`s was the first to announce a single liquid system, called Solo.` Meguiar`s Solo polish is accompanied by several different grades of wool and foam pads that control the level of cut, polishing or finishing desired with the polish.` Unfortunately, the Meguiar`s Solo system only works on freshly painted finishes, making it useful in body shop environments only.
Shortly after the release of Meguiar`s Solo, 3D International introduced HD UNO, a single liquid polishing system that works on both fresh and cured paint, by hand, dual-action polisher, or rotary buffer.` The HD UNO car polish is very flexible, and responds well to a wide range of polishing pads and materials.
<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><tr><td width="100%" valign="top" align="center">
http://www.autopia.org/ebook/HD-UNOMACHINE-BDL-MED.jpg</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" valign="top">HD UNO Total Auto Polish is the first car polish that will cut, polish and finish both new and fully cured paint by hand, dual-action polisher or rotary buffer.` HD UNO is featured here with the HD UNOPAD 5.25" dual-action polisher pad. </td></tr></table>
<h3>Reasons to Polish Your Car`s Paint</h3>Many people believe that cars come off the assembly line with perfect paint.` That`s far from the case.` There are many conditions that cause minor paint flaws requiring additional finishing work.` Dust nibs (small particles that land in the paint while it is still wet) are a good example.` Most car manufacturers take care of these problems at the factory using abrasive finishing materials.` Sometimes it is the car dealer who recognizes the flaw and fixes it.
Repairing minor paint flaws through polishing is not harmful to the paint system unless you remove too much paint.` If more than 50% of the clearcoat finish is removed, you stand a good chance of premature paint system failure.` If more than 75% of the clearcoat finish is removed, you will experience immediate paint system failure.` It can be a very fine dance between success and failure.
Here`s a general rule to follow.` If a scratch or other flaw can be felt with your fingernail, it`s too deep to be completely removed through polishing.` That`s not to say that polishing won`t help hide the flaw; it will.``Take a look at the following 3M diagram showing paint layers and minor scratches (marring) in the clearcoat surface.` These scratches can be removed completely through polishing, because more than 50% of the clearcoat would remain.
<p align="center">
http://www.autopia.org/ebook/3M%20Paint%20Surface%201.jpg
If scratches run deep into the clear coat, as illustrated in our next 3M diagram, polishing cannot fix the problem.` However, polishing a deep scratch will hide or lessen the appearance of the problem.
<p align="center">
http://www.autopia.org/ebook/3M%20Paint%20Surface%202.jpg
Non-clearcoat finishes have the same basic rules.` You should not remove more than 50% of the top coat (color coat) finish when repairing a scratch or other paint flaws.
It is important to understand how a polish can be used to "hide"` scratches and other micro marring.` In the two diagrams above, you can see that the scratches have hard edges that run at a 30 to 60 degree downward slope.` It is the hard edge and angle of a scratch that creates a perfect opportunity for light reflection.` It is this reflection that enhances the visibility of the scratch.` A good polish rounds the edges of scratches, reducing reflection.
Here is a list of problems that can be fixed or improved through abrasive polishing:
<ul> Scratches - Surface abrasions that do not extend past the first 25% of top coat material can be fully repaired by polishing.` Deeper scratches can be improved as long as they do not fully penetrate the color coat into the primer. Scuffs and rub marks - Scuffs are broad, shallow surface abrasions that are easily repaired by polishing.` Rub marks are commonly caused by shoe heels (getting in and out of the car) or the bumpers of other cars.` The rub mark is generally a transfer of rubber or other vinyl material to the paint surface.` Rub marks are easily removed by compounding and polishing. Micro marring - Micro marring, also known as swirl marks and spider webbing, means very small scratches in the paint`s surface.` Micro marring is created by machine compounding and in everyday use and maintenance of the vehicle.` Micro marring is easily removed by compounding and polishing. Etching - Paint etching is a common problem caused by hard water (tap water) or acidic water (acid rain).` Bird droppings are another common cause of paint etching.` Depending on the severity of the etching, polishing will repair or lessen the appearance of etched spots. Dust nibs - Small particles of dust and other foreign material that land on the paint during the painting process create small nibs on the surface.` Wet sanding, compounding and polishing will remove the visible portion of the nib and level the paint. Orange peel - When a car is painted, the paint is applied at a consistency and thickness that allows the paint to flow (briefly) and level.` If the paint is applied too heavily, sags and runs will result.` If applied too thinly, the paint does not properly flow and level, causing an uneven surface called orange peel.` If the orange peel is not severe, abrasives can be used to level and glaze the finish to match the rest of the vehicle. Runs and sags - If paint is applied too heavily, sags and runs will result.` If the sag or run is in the clear coat, it can be repaired, but not if it is in the color coat or primer.` On a non-clearcoat paint, sags and runs in the color coat can be repaired.[/list]
<h3>Evaluate Your Car`s Paint for Polishing</h3>How do you properly evaluate your car`s paint surface for polishing?` Most professionals (painters and detailers) will tell you that paint evaluation is a combination of seeing and feeling.` What you`re looking for is a surface that`s flat like glass.` What you want to feel is a silky, smooth surface with very little resistance.` When perfectly polished, paint looks like a reflecting pool and feels like fine cashmere.
Want to see what you`re missing?` If you`re looking for imperfections, use good fluorescent lighting.` Incandescent lighting and sunlight do not show surface imperfections as well as good fluorescent light.
Feel for surface imperfections and roughness with your fingertips.` Use a light touch to gently glide your fingers over the paint surface.` You`ll be amazed at how much you will feel once you have trained your fingertips.
You may be wondering just how much of what you see and feel on your paint should be polished away versus cleaned?` This is a greatly debated question.` Not too many years ago, polishing would have been the correct answer.` Today we have more choices.` When possible, I recommend paint cleaning before paint polishing.` The best tool for removing heavy paint contamination is detailing clay.
If your paint is clean and free of visible defects, is it necessary to polish before waxing?` This is another question for great debate, and there are two basic schools of thought.` One methodology proposes that polishing is not necessary, because your wax should provide the final finish.` The second methodology proposes that polishing creates the level of gloss, and waxing increases depth and liquidity of the surface.` I propose that a combination of the two is correct.` I believe that polishing should be used to repair and perfect paint, and waxes should be used to protect paint and create a deep, high-gloss finish.
<h3>Evaluate Paint Thickness Before Polishing</h3>If you plan to sand or compound a vehicle`s paint to repair or perfect the surface, you should measure the thickness of the paint first.` To do so, you will need a paint thickness gauge.` There are two basic types.` An electronic (sonic) meter provides the most precise measurement of coating thickness.` These meters are too expensive for most enthusiasts, but should be part of every professional`s tool kit.` A less costly tool is the magnetic thickness indicator, which can measure coating thickness to within .001 inch (1 mil).
If paint thickness is less than 6 to 8 mil, it`s not safe to wet-sand or compound.` If paint thickness is less than 4 or 5 mil, it is not safe to polish with a material higher than grade 2 on the polish chart.
<h3>Understand Your Car`s Paint Before Polishing</h3>Throw away everything Dad ever taught you about polishing your car, because the rules have changed dramatically in the past 10 years.` There are three important changes that have made a significant impact on paint polishing.
First, modern car paint systems are no longer petroleum-based coatings.` All new car paint systems are water-based urethanes.` Equally important, almost all cars rolling off the assembly line today have a multistage paint that includes a top clear coat.
Second, production of man-made micro abrasives has been perfected.` Abrasive manufacturers are making micro abrasives engineered to an exact size and shape to produce a consistent cut.
Third, the microfiber cloth industry began producing cloth materials specifically for polishing applications.` Traditional cotton terry cloth is not only yesterday`s rag, it is also many times more likely to scratch modern paint finishes than a quality microfiber polishing cloth.
The high-tech paint systems on the modern automobile differ from their predecessors in structure and in the care they require.` In general terms, the finish layer on all cars of the past was a pigmented, oil-base, solid-body paint.` When polishing these conventional finishes, you work directly on the layer of paint that gives a car its color.` The modern car paint finish has a primer layer, color layer and a clear top coat layer for added beauty and protection.
Although the modern clearcoat paint system is more tolerant of everyday problems than conventional finishes of the past, it requires a little more knowledge for proper care.` Understanding your car`s clearcoat system is necessary to provide proper care and to facilitate repairs.
All clearcoat systems are basically the same.` A clearcoat system consists of one or more primer layers, a flat color layer and a glossy, clear top layer.` The primer is a corrosion inhibitor and a bonding agent for the bare metal and the color layer.` It prevents corrosion and provides a stable substrate for the color and clear coats.` The color layer is applied to the primer and is typically very thin.` Its only purpose is to provide color.` The clearcoat is two to three times the thickness of the color layer, adding to the appearance of paint depth and offering additional protection.` Many luxury car manufacturers also use ultraviolet-light-blocking technology in their clearcoat systems for protection against sun fading.
A clearcoat finish is somewhat forgiving.` Faults in a clearcoat finish are easily corrected compared to faults in solid pigmented finishes, such as enamel, acrylic or lacquer.` Scuffs and scratches in pigmented paint layers are challenging to correct, because the top layer contains the color.` This is especially true if the scratch penetrates the color layer into the primer layer.` In a clearcoat system, most minor scratches and scuffs never reach the color or primer layer.` In these cases, a quick polishing is all that`s needed to repair a minor blemish.
How can you tell if your car has a conventional finish or a clearcoat finish?` It isn`t always easy to tell.` One test is to gently rub an out-of-sight place on the finish with a polish or fine compound.` If the paint color comes off on your polishing cloth, you have a conventional finish.` Polishing on a clearcoat finish should not reveal any color on your polishing cloth.
<h3>Hand Polishing vs. A Car Polisher or Buffer</h3>I get a lot of questions regarding the difference between hand and machine polishing.` My general response is, "Time."` There`s not a lot you can do by machine that can`t be done by hand using the correct materials and methods.` In fact, sometimes machines work too fast, and you risk removing too much paint material.` Situations differ, so you need to learn how to read the paint surface.
Let`s establish some basic rules for polishing:
Polishing rule 1:` Use the least aggressive tool or polishing material necessary to get the job done.` Hand polishing is the least aggressive, followed by a dual-action (DA) polisher, followed by a rotary buffer.
Polishing rule 2:` Do not mix polishing materials.` Do not use the same polishing pad or cloth with multiple abrasive materials.
Polishing rule 3:` Work in good lighting conditions, and frequently check your work.` You will rue the day you polish through your paint because you couldn`t see what you were doing or polished in one area too long.
Polishing with a rotary buffer requires skill and training.` We`re going to discuss the proper use of this versatile tool later in the chapter.` For most car appearance enthusiasts, a rotary buffer is not a necessary tool.` It is essential for professional detailers and painters, who need to properly machine-compound a car.
Polishing with a dual-action machine is a great way for most car appearance enthusiasts to create a perfect paint finish without a lot of elbow grease.` Although a dual-action polisher does not have the power and speed of a rotary buffer, it also does not have the potential liabilities.
Hand polishing is the best way to polish when time and effort is not a concern.` All polishing jobs require a final hand polishing step to completely remove wheel marks left by machine polishing.
<h3>Car Polishing Basics</h3>No matter what method of polishing you choose (hand, dual-action polisher or rotary buffer), the basic process is the same.` You start by removing imperfections, and gradually decrease abrasive materials until you have achieved fully glazed paint.` In this section I`ll address hand polishing specifically, but, as I have said, the basics are the same.` I`ll go into machine polishing in the next section.
<h3>Removing Imperfections & Paint Damage</h3>If your car`s paint has minor surface scratches (micro marring, swirl marks, etch marks, water spots), then you should start by spot treating each imperfection with a fine compound.` Never compound the entire car unless it is absolutely necessary for problems like these:
<ul> <p style="text-indent: -.25in; margin-left: .5in"> Severe water spots or swirl marks <p style="text-indent: -.25in; margin-left: .5in"> Heavy oxidation due to sun and weather exposure <p style="text-indent: -.25in; margin-left: .5in"> Heavy swirl marks or other micro marring <p style="text-indent: -.25in; margin-left: .5in"> Poor repaint or paint repair blending <p style="text-indent: -.25in; margin-left: .5in"> Poor surface finish (orange peel) <p style="text-indent: -.25in; margin-left: .5in"> Heavy surface pitting from sand or road stones[/list]
A rubbing compound will remove minor scratches and scuffs by hand with very little effort.
Most detailers I know compound by hand incorrectly.` In fact, most compound manufacturers do not give proper instructions.` Rubbing compound is nothing more than a fine sandpaper in paste form.` Rubbing ompounds should be used in the same way and with the same respect as a sandpaper.
My dad taught me to use a flat household sponge to apply compound by hand.` This method works okay, because flat sponges are fairly dense and remain flat on the paint surface, but hand compounding is no longer a viable method to buff out a car.` Modern paints are simply too hard.` If your whole car needs compounding to remove scratches and other damage, you will need an electric polisher or buffer.
Before compounding, you must protect all trim that you don`t want compounded with masking tape.` If you don`t mask off the trim, your cleanup work will increase significantly, and you risk damaging the trim.` As an example, rubbing compound will quickly make flat or textured black trim very shiny and smooth.` So, please take the time to do the job right, and use a little masking tape.` When compounding small areas by hand, it`s not necessary to mask off everything as you would when compounding by machine, but you should mask the surface trim.
Apply a small dab of compound to the pad itself, not to the car, and begin polishing a panel.` Use moderate pressure and a medium speed.` Compound no more than a 2` by 2` area at a time.` If you`re spot-treating small scratches, keep the compounding to the area being treated.` Aggressive compounds work fast, so be careful.` All you`re trying to do is cut down a small amount of the paint surface to remove the imperfections and level the paint.` A compound will not restore full gloss, so don`t be discouraged.` You will use a finishing polish for the final step.
Here are some tips for better compounding results:
<ul> I have found that lightly spraying the polishing pad with a quick shot of detailing spray makes it much easier to apply any compound.` One quick shot will do (just enough to make it slightly damp, not wet). Stay away from sharp edges on the body of the car.` The paint in these areas will be thin.` Don`t make it thinner by compounding it. Compound using a dense foam applicator with a handle.` It`s safer, and the results will be much better. If you`re trying to remove a deep scratch (you can feel it with your fingernail), don`t try to do more than lessen its appearance.``If you compound to the full depth of the scratch, you may cause the paint to fail.` Better to be safe than sorry. Buff away the compound residue with a quality microfiber detailing towel. [/list] Compounding may cause your paint to haze slightly or lose its high gloss.` This is okay, because the next step is to re-glaze the paint with a grade 2 polish.
NOTE: With the advent of micro abrasive polishes, like HD UNO, it is possible to polish out imperfections by hand without scouring the paint finish or fear of rubbing through the paint.
<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><tr><td width="100%" valign="top" align="center">
http://www.autopia.org/ebook/HD-SCRATCH-KIT-MED.jpg</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" valign="top">This complete Scratch Removal Kit by High Definition Car Care (http://www.hdcarcare.com/scratch-remover-headlight-restoration-kit.html) allows you to quickly and easily remove minor paint damage using your cordless drill.</td></tr></table>
<h3>Use A Fine Polish To Refine The Finish</h3>If your car did not require compounding to remove surface imperfections, that`s great.` You`re way ahead of the game.` Let`s get started on learning hand polishing techniques.
The purpose of polishing is not to fix paint imperfections.` That`s what we used the fine compound for in the previous step.` Polishing is used to refine the paint surface and to begin the process of glazing.` When a paint is fully glazed, it has taken on all of the natural gloss and reflection it can without assistance from a wax or sealant.
Just as with compounding, you need to adjust your thinking with polishing.` Many people and product manufacturers suggest using a terry cloth towel or terry cloth applicator to apply polish.` This is no longer the best polishing tool.
Today, the best tool for polishing is a high-quality foam applicator.` Likewise, for buffing off polish residue, do not use terry cloth or flat cotton toweling.` A good microfiber polishing cloth is far superior and is many times less abrasive than cotton terry cloth toweling.
The procedure for polishing is not much different than it is for compounding.` The idea is to keep the polishing applicator as flat to the paint surface as possible.
NOTE: If you`re using a single liquid system, like HD UNO (http://www.hdcarcare.com/hd-uno-total-auto-polish.html), finishing is a matter of polishing again using a soft finishing foam.
<h3>Machine Polishing (car polisher)</h3>Most professional detailers use rotary buffers and dual-action polishers to polish paint.` The overwhelming reason is time.` To do the job properly by hand would be prohibitively expensive.` It`s also true that some jobs will get better results with a machine in the hands of a professional.
There are basically two kinds of polishing machines: rotary buffers and dual-action (orbital) polishers.` A professional painter`s rotary buffer is little more than a body grinder with a polishing pad in place of the grinding disc.` These are high-power, variable-speed motors that give a professional painter or detailer a lot of flexibility.` Rotary buffers have a straight drive to the polishing head (i.e., the polishing pad connects directly to the shaft of the motor), whereas dual-action polishers have a special drive head that causes the polishing disk to run in an orbital pattern while also rotating.` The following chart compares the significant differences between a rotary buffer and a dual-action polisher.
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="width: 100.0%; border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111"><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Factor</td> <td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Rotary</td><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; margin-left:3; margin-right:3">Dual-Action</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"> <p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Ease of use</td> <td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Don`t rush a rotary. Time and care are required to do it right.</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Virtually foolproof. Just pick it up and start polishing!</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Learning curve</td> <td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Requires extensive training and experience to master.</td> <td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Requires very little training and experience to be proficient.</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3">Potential to damage paint</td> <td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Improper use will cause swirls, excessive paint removal or paint burns.</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> You`d have to be an ape to damage the paint.</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Effectiveness on paint with heavy oxidation or severe micro marring</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Potentially eliminates all superficial surface damage.</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Paint looks much better than it did, but may not remove all surface damage.</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"> <p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Results</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Highest gloss and deepest shine possible.</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Much better than hand polishing, but will not` compare to rotary.</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Amount of polish required</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> May require slightly more than a dual-action polisher, but not nearly as much as hand polishing.</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%">
<p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Most efficient method.</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Pros</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Absolutely best final results.` Fastest of all polishing methods.</td> <td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Safe, effective and easy to use.</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"> <p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Cons</td> <td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Much higher potential to cause paint damage.` Requires significant time investment to` master.</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">Somewhat limited results compared to rotary polishing, but better than hand polishing.</td></tr></table>
I often get questions like "Who should use a rotary buffer and why?" or "What`s better, a dual-action polisher or a buffer?"` This is not an easy question, because no matter what I say, there is an opposing and equally valid response.
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http://www.autopia.org/ebook/PC7424.jpg</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" valign="top">This is the original Porter Cable 7424 random-orbit polisher.` This is a great machine, but not perfect.` A good upgrade is a 5" Velcro backing plate and Velcro-backed pads.` This is the first random-orbit polisher I`ve used that has enough power to satisfy the most demanding professionals.</td></tr></table><table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><tr><td width="100%" valign="top" align="center">
http://www.autopia.org/ebook/HD-UNOPOXYDAP-KIT-MED.jpg</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" valign="top"> This car polisher kit by High Definition Car Care (http://www.hdcarcare.com/dual-action-polisher-polish-wax-kit.html) includes`two grades of foam pads, a 5" flexible backing plate, polish, wax and towels.`` This system requires two fewer pads and polishes than the previous generation system, saving both time and money.</td></tr></table>
Rotary buffers are for trained professionals and serious enthusiasts with experience.` The possibility of ruining a paint job with a rotary buffer is very high when a powerful, rotating machine is put in the hands of an unskilled person.` Rotary buffers spin at speeds up to 3600 rpm.` One small slip, and you`ll pop off a molding, burn a hole in your paint, or break off a windshield wiper.` I`ve seen each of these mishaps, so I know it can happen.` That said, the rotary buffer is my tool of choice.` I put myself in the category of a serious enthusiast with lots of experience, and I have had two minor mishaps in 20 years.` For me the result is worth the small risk.
A good dual-action polisher can also deliver great results on all but the worst paint finishes.` For this reason alone, I think most enthusiasts and novice detailers should invest in a dual-action polisher, not a rotary buffer.
Polishing machines can be purchased for as little as $50 or as much as $300.` The difference in capability is significant.` At the low end are low-power orbital polishers.` These machines are designed for the average car owner who wants an easier way to polish and wax his or her car.` Although they will make the job of polishing and waxing easier, they will not improve the resulting finish of your car.` At the high end you will find multipurpose detailing machines, like the Porter Cable 7424, that polish, buff, and scrub carpet and upholstery.
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http://www.autopia.org/ebook/Rotary%20Polishing%201.jpg</td></tr><tr><td width="100%"> A rotary buffer in the hands of a skilled technician can create an amazing finish.` This show truck is being restored back to top condition.` Notice the use of masking tape to protect the trim. </td></tr></table>
<h3>Car Buffing & Polishing Pads</h3>There are two basic pad types: cutting and polishing.` A cutting pad is used with a polish or machine cleaning compound to remove oxidation and fine scratches.` Cutting pads make quick work, but will leave noticeable swirl marks, especially on dark finishes.` After buffing with a cutting pad, you will need to make a second pass with a polishing pad and glaze to remove swirl marks and improve luster.
Cutting pads, also called leveling pads, should be wool.` There are a lot of synthetic "wool" pads on the market.` Don`t touch them!` Nothing beats lamb`s wool.` Nothing is safer than lamb`s wool.
Polishing pads, often called finishing or waxing pads, are foam rubber.` These are the only pads safe to use on a clearcoat finish.` Do not use a cutting pad on a clearcoat finish.` That said, some expert body shops will use a cutting pad on a clearcoat finish when blending a repair.
<h3>Compounds, Polishes & Glazes</h3>Always use the least abrasive polish necessary to get the job done.` Any polish you use with a buffer or rotary polisher should state "for machine use" in the instructions.
I know I`ve said it before, but I feel it`s worth repeating: Be very careful using a rubbing compound with a machine.` A rubbing compound is nothing more than sandpaper in liquid form.` If your paint needs light compounding, it`s best to do it by hand.` If you must use a buffer or rotary polisher, compound flat areas only and stay away from edges.
Next up from rubbing compounds are cleaners.` Paint cleaners are basically a fine cut compound for polishing paint with heavy or moderate oxidation.` Paint cleaner polishes will quickly remove the top layer of dead paint, revealing paint that can be rejuvenated.
Polishes are the paint finish workhorse.` Unlike rubbing compounds and cleaners, a polish has very little cutting action.` A good machine polish will remove small blemishes and restore gloss.` A quality polish contains oils to lubricate paint surface for the best polishing action and a high-gloss finish.
<h3>Preventing Car Polisher Paint Burns</h3>Buffing or burning through your car`s paint is perhaps the greatest danger in using a machine.` The risk of paint damage can be largely diminished if you follow a few simple rules.
A paint burn is caused by heat buildup on the buffing pad due to friction.` Paint burning occurs on the edges of a body panel, not in the middle.` I cannot recall seeing a buffer burn though paint in the middle of a hood, door or fender.` It is the small surface area of the buffing pad edge that builds heat quickly, making a burn possible.
To prevent burns, you need to know how the rotary buffer works.` With few exceptions, buffers rotate clockwise.` When using a buffer, lift the left side of the buffer slightly (a half inch or so).` Move the buffer in smooth left to right strokes.` It is best to focus pad contact on the 12 o`clock to the 4 o`clock quadrant (i.e., the right edge when looking at the top of the buffer).` In this way, the buffing pad will always rotate off the edge of a panel.
The reason for lifting the left side of the buffer is to prevent the trailing edge of the buffing pad from driving into a body panel edge.` The trailing edge of the pad driving into a body edge creates so much friction it can rapidly burn through the finish.` By rolling the right side of the pad off the body panel edge and lifting the left side, you can significantly reduce the risk of burning.
To further reduce the risk of burning, buff up to edges and body ridges, not on them.` When buffing raised peaks or body lines, keep the buffing pad as flat as possible, and slow the buffer speed.` Keep the buffing machine moving at all times.` If you allow the buffing pad to spin in one spot for more than a few seconds, you`re inviting disaster.` Other tricks include opening the door, trunk or hood slightly.` This gives you an edge to roll off of when buffing.` Always slow buffer speed when approaching an edge.
The operating speed of your buffer is very important.` I highly recommend using slower speeds.` Speeds between 1200 and 2000 rpm are sufficient on most modern finishes. The slower speeds can also be used on older finishes to achieve good results.` Just remember, slower speeds create less friction, thereby reducing the chance of burns.
<h3>Car Polisher Techniques</h3>Safety first.` Wear goggles or work glasses when buffing.` Remove all hand and wrist jewelry.
Just like polishing and waxing by hand, buff a section at a time.` Always start with the least abrasive polish you can.` Polish a section more than once if the results are not satisfactory.` If you are not getting the result you want, try a slightly more abrasive polish.` Like I said, it is unlikely that a single polish will do it all.` For example, the front of your car gets the most damage.` It may require a medium-grit polish to bring the front areas up to par, while the remainder of the car buffs up fine with a mild polish.
To properly machine polish, you will need your polish in a squeeze bottle.` Squeeze a couple of lines (6 to 9 inches) of polish on the panel you want to polish.` Pre-lubricate your buffing pad with a shot or two of water or detailing spray.` Start the machine slowly, with the pad on the panel to the right of the lines of polish.` Lift the left side of the pad slightly, and slowly move into the polish.` The rotating pad will pull the polish in and begin distributing it on the paint.
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http://www.autopia.org/ebook/ApplyingPolish.jpg</td></tr><tr><td width="100%"> If you`re new to machine polishing, apply your polish to the buffing pad, not the surface of the car.</td></tr></table>
If you`re brand new to machine polishing, don`t worry.` Start learning by applying a single line of polish around the edge of the buffing pad (as shown above).` Don`t use too much polish, or it will splatter everywhere and take too long to buff out.` The amount I have applied here will be enough to buff a complete fender on a small car.` Before starting the polisher or rotary buffer, lay the pad on the paint surface to be worked and spread the polish around.
Once the polish is distributed over the area you`re working on, you can begin to increase speed a bit.` If you`re using a rotary buffer, do not run above 1500 to 1800 rpm.` If you`re using a Porter Cable 7424 dual-action buffer, there`s no reason to run the machine higher than 4.5.` Work the polish in well, using overlapping left-to-right and top-to-bottom passes.` There`s no need to rush, but remember to keep the pad moving.
As the polish begins to "buff out," and the shine on the paint begins to come up, the polish and buffer have done their work.` Don`t keep buffing the dry panel.` It`s no longer productive, and you risk burning the paint.` If you`re not happy with the results, add more polish and keep going.` Remember to stay off the edges!
When working on top panels like the hood, trunk or top, you can keep the electrical cord from rubbing on your freshly polished paint by draping it over your shoulder.` It`s also best to remove your belt or anything else you might be wearing that would damage your paint.
Be sure to check your buffing pad periodically, as it will become caked with polish.` Use a pad spur to clean it.` Lay the buffer across the top of your leg and turn the machine on.` Gently press the pad spur into the pad, starting at the outer edge, and run it into the center.` Foam pads can be cleaned with soap and water for end-of-day cleanup.` Allow pads to drip dry.
Machine polishing is messy.` The polish will fling off about 6 feet or so.` You can prevent the splatter mess on your car by using an old sheet.` Simply cover the area of the car you`re not working on.` Cover the things in your garage you don`t want splattered, too.
<h3>CAR POLISHING SUMMARY</h3>Polishing paint is a acquired skill.` It can take years to master.` If you`re planning to use a machine, my best advice is to practice on older cars.` Most importantly, select the correct polish for the job.` Use the chart at the beginning of the chapter to help determine which polish grade you should be using.` Once you`ve selected the right polish, make sure you use the right tools.
Some automotive appearance experts suggest that it`s possible to maintain a car`s paint without polishing at all.` I`m not as optimistic.` I recommend polishing when it`s necessary to solve a specific problem or to achieve a desired result.` I will discuss advanced uses of polish in later chapters.` For now, you can think of polish as a tool for pre-wax cleaning and improving paint gloss.` A fine polish gently removes surface contamination and improves surface reflectivity.
<h3>UNDERSTANDING CAR POLISH</h3>Before we can talk about polishing, we need to establish a common understanding of what polish is.` The word polish is highly misused throughout the car care and appearance industry.
For our purposes, a paint polish is an abrasive lotion or cream used to remove small amounts of the paint`s surface.` The cutting ability of the polish will determine the amount of paint removed with each hand stroke or each revolution of a buffer, as well as the resulting finish.` A fine polish will create a bright, glassy finish, whereas a coarse polish may cloud the paint`s surface.` Each polish is designed for a specific purpose (e.g., repair or refine) and application (e.g., hand or machine).` Here`s how I classify polishes:
Abrasive paper or pad - An ultra-fine grade of sandpaper (1500 to 3000 grit) can be used effectively to level a paint finish and remove imperfections.` I mention sandpaper here because it is an abrasive, like all polishes, and it has its place in the polishing chain.
Compound - A compound, often called a rubbing compound, is a cutting polish designed to remove heavy oxidation, some common forms of paint damage and defects, and the scratches created by fine sandpaper.
Polish - A specially formulated blend of components designed to remove minor scratches, surface imperfections, water spots, acid rain spots, light oxidation, and the swirl marks created by compounding with a machine.
Glaze - A very fine polish.` Some glazes are safe to use on fresh paint, as they do not seal.` A glaze does not have enough cutting power to remove imperfections, but will increase surface gloss.
Pre-wax cleaner - A polish containing chemical cleaners to help remove minor surface contamination and dirt not handled by normal washing or claying.
You may be asking why I didn`t mention detailing clay.` While detailing clay is an abrasive suspended in a clay or elastic base, its purpose is to remove particles from the paint`s surface and not the paint itself.
<h3>Car Polish Selection</h3>The car care market is flooded with polishes, each promising to work one miracle or another.` Selection is difficult at best.` For the purpose of our discussion, it`s necessary to create a reference.
It`s important to note that polishes may be specifically created for hand or machine use.` The difference between a machine polish and a hand polish is how the abrasive material breaks down in use.` The abrasives in most polishes break down (diminish) into finer particles, allowing the polish to "buff out."` If you use a machine polish by hand, the particles may not break down, and the finish will not buff out properly.
Conversely, using a hand polish with a machine will cause the polish to break down too quickly, and you won`t get enough cutting action.` A few polishes work by hand or machine, because they don`t use diminishing abrasives or they are not temperature sensitive (buffing pads create heat).
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="width: 100.0%; border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none"><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Polish</td> <td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Grade</td><td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Purpose</td></tr><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border-left: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">1500 - 2000 grit sanding material</td><td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> 6</td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">Repairing chips and scratches, blending repairs.</td></tr><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border-left: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">2500 - 3000 grit sanding material</td><td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> 5</td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">Light color sanding and leveling.</td></tr><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border-left: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Heavy cut compound</td> <td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> 4</td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">A compound (often called a paint cleaner) used to safely remove grade 1500 or finer sanding scratches, other fine scratches, medium oxidation, coarse swirl marks or water spots.` Leaves a fine finish ready for final polishing.` Contains no waxes or silicones.</td></tr><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border-left: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Fine cut compound </td> <td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> 3</td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">A swirl-remover polish designed to remove fine swirl marks, cob web effect and light compound hazing.` Leaves a glazed finish ready for waxing or fine polishing.` Contains no waxes or silicones.</td></tr><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border-left: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Final finish polish</td> <td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> 2</td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">A fine polish formulated to create a highly polished finish. ` Contains no waxes or silicones.` Leaves a wheel-mark-free finish when applied with a foam polishing pad.</td></tr><tr><td width="29%" valign="top" style="width: 29.0%; border-left: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> Pre-wax cleaner polish</td> <td width="20%" valign="top" style="width: 20.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in" align="center"><p align="center" style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3"> 1</td> <td width="51%" valign="top" style="width: 51.0%; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt inset #111111; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt inset #111111; padding: 0in"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">An ultra-fine pre-wax paint cleaner and glaze designed for hand or machine application.` It is used to maintain paint in perfect condition.` This product offers very little abrasive polishing action.` Contains silicones for added gloss.</td></tr></table>
The chart above shows six grades of abrasive finish material.
<h3>New Advances In Car Polish Technology</h3>Now that I just finished telling you about all of the different grades of car polish, let me also tell you that in 2008 there was a huge advancement in paint polishing abrasives and car polish technology.` Through the use of highly perfected micro-abrasive, it is now possible to formulate a single polish that will cut, polish and finish.` Meguiar`s was the first to announce a single liquid system, called Solo.` Meguiar`s Solo polish is accompanied by several different grades of wool and foam pads that control the level of cut, polishing or finishing desired with the polish.` Unfortunately, the Meguiar`s Solo system only works on freshly painted finishes, making it useful in body shop environments only.
Shortly after the release of Meguiar`s Solo, 3D International introduced HD UNO, a single liquid polishing system that works on both fresh and cured paint, by hand, dual-action polisher, or rotary buffer.` The HD UNO car polish is very flexible, and responds well to a wide range of polishing pads and materials.
<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><tr><td width="100%" valign="top" align="center">
http://www.autopia.org/ebook/HD-UNOMACHINE-BDL-MED.jpg</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" valign="top">HD UNO Total Auto Polish is the first car polish that will cut, polish and finish both new and fully cured paint by hand, dual-action polisher or rotary buffer.` HD UNO is featured here with the HD UNOPAD 5.25" dual-action polisher pad. </td></tr></table>
<h3>Reasons to Polish Your Car`s Paint</h3>Many people believe that cars come off the assembly line with perfect paint.` That`s far from the case.` There are many conditions that cause minor paint flaws requiring additional finishing work.` Dust nibs (small particles that land in the paint while it is still wet) are a good example.` Most car manufacturers take care of these problems at the factory using abrasive finishing materials.` Sometimes it is the car dealer who recognizes the flaw and fixes it.
Repairing minor paint flaws through polishing is not harmful to the paint system unless you remove too much paint.` If more than 50% of the clearcoat finish is removed, you stand a good chance of premature paint system failure.` If more than 75% of the clearcoat finish is removed, you will experience immediate paint system failure.` It can be a very fine dance between success and failure.
Here`s a general rule to follow.` If a scratch or other flaw can be felt with your fingernail, it`s too deep to be completely removed through polishing.` That`s not to say that polishing won`t help hide the flaw; it will.``Take a look at the following 3M diagram showing paint layers and minor scratches (marring) in the clearcoat surface.` These scratches can be removed completely through polishing, because more than 50% of the clearcoat would remain.
<p align="center">
http://www.autopia.org/ebook/3M%20Paint%20Surface%201.jpg
If scratches run deep into the clear coat, as illustrated in our next 3M diagram, polishing cannot fix the problem.` However, polishing a deep scratch will hide or lessen the appearance of the problem.
<p align="center">
http://www.autopia.org/ebook/3M%20Paint%20Surface%202.jpg
Non-clearcoat finishes have the same basic rules.` You should not remove more than 50% of the top coat (color coat) finish when repairing a scratch or other paint flaws.
It is important to understand how a polish can be used to "hide"` scratches and other micro marring.` In the two diagrams above, you can see that the scratches have hard edges that run at a 30 to 60 degree downward slope.` It is the hard edge and angle of a scratch that creates a perfect opportunity for light reflection.` It is this reflection that enhances the visibility of the scratch.` A good polish rounds the edges of scratches, reducing reflection.
Here is a list of problems that can be fixed or improved through abrasive polishing:
<ul> Scratches - Surface abrasions that do not extend past the first 25% of top coat material can be fully repaired by polishing.` Deeper scratches can be improved as long as they do not fully penetrate the color coat into the primer. Scuffs and rub marks - Scuffs are broad, shallow surface abrasions that are easily repaired by polishing.` Rub marks are commonly caused by shoe heels (getting in and out of the car) or the bumpers of other cars.` The rub mark is generally a transfer of rubber or other vinyl material to the paint surface.` Rub marks are easily removed by compounding and polishing. Micro marring - Micro marring, also known as swirl marks and spider webbing, means very small scratches in the paint`s surface.` Micro marring is created by machine compounding and in everyday use and maintenance of the vehicle.` Micro marring is easily removed by compounding and polishing. Etching - Paint etching is a common problem caused by hard water (tap water) or acidic water (acid rain).` Bird droppings are another common cause of paint etching.` Depending on the severity of the etching, polishing will repair or lessen the appearance of etched spots. Dust nibs - Small particles of dust and other foreign material that land on the paint during the painting process create small nibs on the surface.` Wet sanding, compounding and polishing will remove the visible portion of the nib and level the paint. Orange peel - When a car is painted, the paint is applied at a consistency and thickness that allows the paint to flow (briefly) and level.` If the paint is applied too heavily, sags and runs will result.` If applied too thinly, the paint does not properly flow and level, causing an uneven surface called orange peel.` If the orange peel is not severe, abrasives can be used to level and glaze the finish to match the rest of the vehicle. Runs and sags - If paint is applied too heavily, sags and runs will result.` If the sag or run is in the clear coat, it can be repaired, but not if it is in the color coat or primer.` On a non-clearcoat paint, sags and runs in the color coat can be repaired.[/list]
<h3>Evaluate Your Car`s Paint for Polishing</h3>How do you properly evaluate your car`s paint surface for polishing?` Most professionals (painters and detailers) will tell you that paint evaluation is a combination of seeing and feeling.` What you`re looking for is a surface that`s flat like glass.` What you want to feel is a silky, smooth surface with very little resistance.` When perfectly polished, paint looks like a reflecting pool and feels like fine cashmere.
Want to see what you`re missing?` If you`re looking for imperfections, use good fluorescent lighting.` Incandescent lighting and sunlight do not show surface imperfections as well as good fluorescent light.
Feel for surface imperfections and roughness with your fingertips.` Use a light touch to gently glide your fingers over the paint surface.` You`ll be amazed at how much you will feel once you have trained your fingertips.
You may be wondering just how much of what you see and feel on your paint should be polished away versus cleaned?` This is a greatly debated question.` Not too many years ago, polishing would have been the correct answer.` Today we have more choices.` When possible, I recommend paint cleaning before paint polishing.` The best tool for removing heavy paint contamination is detailing clay.
If your paint is clean and free of visible defects, is it necessary to polish before waxing?` This is another question for great debate, and there are two basic schools of thought.` One methodology proposes that polishing is not necessary, because your wax should provide the final finish.` The second methodology proposes that polishing creates the level of gloss, and waxing increases depth and liquidity of the surface.` I propose that a combination of the two is correct.` I believe that polishing should be used to repair and perfect paint, and waxes should be used to protect paint and create a deep, high-gloss finish.
<h3>Evaluate Paint Thickness Before Polishing</h3>If you plan to sand or compound a vehicle`s paint to repair or perfect the surface, you should measure the thickness of the paint first.` To do so, you will need a paint thickness gauge.` There are two basic types.` An electronic (sonic) meter provides the most precise measurement of coating thickness.` These meters are too expensive for most enthusiasts, but should be part of every professional`s tool kit.` A less costly tool is the magnetic thickness indicator, which can measure coating thickness to within .001 inch (1 mil).
If paint thickness is less than 6 to 8 mil, it`s not safe to wet-sand or compound.` If paint thickness is less than 4 or 5 mil, it is not safe to polish with a material higher than grade 2 on the polish chart.
<h3>Understand Your Car`s Paint Before Polishing</h3>Throw away everything Dad ever taught you about polishing your car, because the rules have changed dramatically in the past 10 years.` There are three important changes that have made a significant impact on paint polishing.
First, modern car paint systems are no longer petroleum-based coatings.` All new car paint systems are water-based urethanes.` Equally important, almost all cars rolling off the assembly line today have a multistage paint that includes a top clear coat.
Second, production of man-made micro abrasives has been perfected.` Abrasive manufacturers are making micro abrasives engineered to an exact size and shape to produce a consistent cut.
Third, the microfiber cloth industry began producing cloth materials specifically for polishing applications.` Traditional cotton terry cloth is not only yesterday`s rag, it is also many times more likely to scratch modern paint finishes than a quality microfiber polishing cloth.
The high-tech paint systems on the modern automobile differ from their predecessors in structure and in the care they require.` In general terms, the finish layer on all cars of the past was a pigmented, oil-base, solid-body paint.` When polishing these conventional finishes, you work directly on the layer of paint that gives a car its color.` The modern car paint finish has a primer layer, color layer and a clear top coat layer for added beauty and protection.
Although the modern clearcoat paint system is more tolerant of everyday problems than conventional finishes of the past, it requires a little more knowledge for proper care.` Understanding your car`s clearcoat system is necessary to provide proper care and to facilitate repairs.
All clearcoat systems are basically the same.` A clearcoat system consists of one or more primer layers, a flat color layer and a glossy, clear top layer.` The primer is a corrosion inhibitor and a bonding agent for the bare metal and the color layer.` It prevents corrosion and provides a stable substrate for the color and clear coats.` The color layer is applied to the primer and is typically very thin.` Its only purpose is to provide color.` The clearcoat is two to three times the thickness of the color layer, adding to the appearance of paint depth and offering additional protection.` Many luxury car manufacturers also use ultraviolet-light-blocking technology in their clearcoat systems for protection against sun fading.
A clearcoat finish is somewhat forgiving.` Faults in a clearcoat finish are easily corrected compared to faults in solid pigmented finishes, such as enamel, acrylic or lacquer.` Scuffs and scratches in pigmented paint layers are challenging to correct, because the top layer contains the color.` This is especially true if the scratch penetrates the color layer into the primer layer.` In a clearcoat system, most minor scratches and scuffs never reach the color or primer layer.` In these cases, a quick polishing is all that`s needed to repair a minor blemish.
How can you tell if your car has a conventional finish or a clearcoat finish?` It isn`t always easy to tell.` One test is to gently rub an out-of-sight place on the finish with a polish or fine compound.` If the paint color comes off on your polishing cloth, you have a conventional finish.` Polishing on a clearcoat finish should not reveal any color on your polishing cloth.
<h3>Hand Polishing vs. A Car Polisher or Buffer</h3>I get a lot of questions regarding the difference between hand and machine polishing.` My general response is, "Time."` There`s not a lot you can do by machine that can`t be done by hand using the correct materials and methods.` In fact, sometimes machines work too fast, and you risk removing too much paint material.` Situations differ, so you need to learn how to read the paint surface.
Let`s establish some basic rules for polishing:
Polishing rule 1:` Use the least aggressive tool or polishing material necessary to get the job done.` Hand polishing is the least aggressive, followed by a dual-action (DA) polisher, followed by a rotary buffer.
Polishing rule 2:` Do not mix polishing materials.` Do not use the same polishing pad or cloth with multiple abrasive materials.
Polishing rule 3:` Work in good lighting conditions, and frequently check your work.` You will rue the day you polish through your paint because you couldn`t see what you were doing or polished in one area too long.
Polishing with a rotary buffer requires skill and training.` We`re going to discuss the proper use of this versatile tool later in the chapter.` For most car appearance enthusiasts, a rotary buffer is not a necessary tool.` It is essential for professional detailers and painters, who need to properly machine-compound a car.
Polishing with a dual-action machine is a great way for most car appearance enthusiasts to create a perfect paint finish without a lot of elbow grease.` Although a dual-action polisher does not have the power and speed of a rotary buffer, it also does not have the potential liabilities.
Hand polishing is the best way to polish when time and effort is not a concern.` All polishing jobs require a final hand polishing step to completely remove wheel marks left by machine polishing.
<h3>Car Polishing Basics</h3>No matter what method of polishing you choose (hand, dual-action polisher or rotary buffer), the basic process is the same.` You start by removing imperfections, and gradually decrease abrasive materials until you have achieved fully glazed paint.` In this section I`ll address hand polishing specifically, but, as I have said, the basics are the same.` I`ll go into machine polishing in the next section.
<h3>Removing Imperfections & Paint Damage</h3>If your car`s paint has minor surface scratches (micro marring, swirl marks, etch marks, water spots), then you should start by spot treating each imperfection with a fine compound.` Never compound the entire car unless it is absolutely necessary for problems like these:
<ul> <p style="text-indent: -.25in; margin-left: .5in"> Severe water spots or swirl marks <p style="text-indent: -.25in; margin-left: .5in"> Heavy oxidation due to sun and weather exposure <p style="text-indent: -.25in; margin-left: .5in"> Heavy swirl marks or other micro marring <p style="text-indent: -.25in; margin-left: .5in"> Poor repaint or paint repair blending <p style="text-indent: -.25in; margin-left: .5in"> Poor surface finish (orange peel) <p style="text-indent: -.25in; margin-left: .5in"> Heavy surface pitting from sand or road stones[/list]
A rubbing compound will remove minor scratches and scuffs by hand with very little effort.
Most detailers I know compound by hand incorrectly.` In fact, most compound manufacturers do not give proper instructions.` Rubbing compound is nothing more than a fine sandpaper in paste form.` Rubbing ompounds should be used in the same way and with the same respect as a sandpaper.
My dad taught me to use a flat household sponge to apply compound by hand.` This method works okay, because flat sponges are fairly dense and remain flat on the paint surface, but hand compounding is no longer a viable method to buff out a car.` Modern paints are simply too hard.` If your whole car needs compounding to remove scratches and other damage, you will need an electric polisher or buffer.
Before compounding, you must protect all trim that you don`t want compounded with masking tape.` If you don`t mask off the trim, your cleanup work will increase significantly, and you risk damaging the trim.` As an example, rubbing compound will quickly make flat or textured black trim very shiny and smooth.` So, please take the time to do the job right, and use a little masking tape.` When compounding small areas by hand, it`s not necessary to mask off everything as you would when compounding by machine, but you should mask the surface trim.
Apply a small dab of compound to the pad itself, not to the car, and begin polishing a panel.` Use moderate pressure and a medium speed.` Compound no more than a 2` by 2` area at a time.` If you`re spot-treating small scratches, keep the compounding to the area being treated.` Aggressive compounds work fast, so be careful.` All you`re trying to do is cut down a small amount of the paint surface to remove the imperfections and level the paint.` A compound will not restore full gloss, so don`t be discouraged.` You will use a finishing polish for the final step.
Here are some tips for better compounding results:
<ul> I have found that lightly spraying the polishing pad with a quick shot of detailing spray makes it much easier to apply any compound.` One quick shot will do (just enough to make it slightly damp, not wet). Stay away from sharp edges on the body of the car.` The paint in these areas will be thin.` Don`t make it thinner by compounding it. Compound using a dense foam applicator with a handle.` It`s safer, and the results will be much better. If you`re trying to remove a deep scratch (you can feel it with your fingernail), don`t try to do more than lessen its appearance.``If you compound to the full depth of the scratch, you may cause the paint to fail.` Better to be safe than sorry. Buff away the compound residue with a quality microfiber detailing towel. [/list] Compounding may cause your paint to haze slightly or lose its high gloss.` This is okay, because the next step is to re-glaze the paint with a grade 2 polish.
NOTE: With the advent of micro abrasive polishes, like HD UNO, it is possible to polish out imperfections by hand without scouring the paint finish or fear of rubbing through the paint.
<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><tr><td width="100%" valign="top" align="center">
http://www.autopia.org/ebook/HD-SCRATCH-KIT-MED.jpg</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" valign="top">This complete Scratch Removal Kit by High Definition Car Care (http://www.hdcarcare.com/scratch-remover-headlight-restoration-kit.html) allows you to quickly and easily remove minor paint damage using your cordless drill.</td></tr></table>
<h3>Use A Fine Polish To Refine The Finish</h3>If your car did not require compounding to remove surface imperfections, that`s great.` You`re way ahead of the game.` Let`s get started on learning hand polishing techniques.
The purpose of polishing is not to fix paint imperfections.` That`s what we used the fine compound for in the previous step.` Polishing is used to refine the paint surface and to begin the process of glazing.` When a paint is fully glazed, it has taken on all of the natural gloss and reflection it can without assistance from a wax or sealant.
Just as with compounding, you need to adjust your thinking with polishing.` Many people and product manufacturers suggest using a terry cloth towel or terry cloth applicator to apply polish.` This is no longer the best polishing tool.
Today, the best tool for polishing is a high-quality foam applicator.` Likewise, for buffing off polish residue, do not use terry cloth or flat cotton toweling.` A good microfiber polishing cloth is far superior and is many times less abrasive than cotton terry cloth toweling.
The procedure for polishing is not much different than it is for compounding.` The idea is to keep the polishing applicator as flat to the paint surface as possible.
NOTE: If you`re using a single liquid system, like HD UNO (http://www.hdcarcare.com/hd-uno-total-auto-polish.html), finishing is a matter of polishing again using a soft finishing foam.
<h3>Machine Polishing (car polisher)</h3>Most professional detailers use rotary buffers and dual-action polishers to polish paint.` The overwhelming reason is time.` To do the job properly by hand would be prohibitively expensive.` It`s also true that some jobs will get better results with a machine in the hands of a professional.
There are basically two kinds of polishing machines: rotary buffers and dual-action (orbital) polishers.` A professional painter`s rotary buffer is little more than a body grinder with a polishing pad in place of the grinding disc.` These are high-power, variable-speed motors that give a professional painter or detailer a lot of flexibility.` Rotary buffers have a straight drive to the polishing head (i.e., the polishing pad connects directly to the shaft of the motor), whereas dual-action polishers have a special drive head that causes the polishing disk to run in an orbital pattern while also rotating.` The following chart compares the significant differences between a rotary buffer and a dual-action polisher.
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="width: 100.0%; border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111"><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Factor</td> <td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Rotary</td><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center; margin-left:3; margin-right:3">Dual-Action</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"> <p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Ease of use</td> <td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Don`t rush a rotary. Time and care are required to do it right.</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Virtually foolproof. Just pick it up and start polishing!</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Learning curve</td> <td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Requires extensive training and experience to master.</td> <td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Requires very little training and experience to be proficient.</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3">Potential to damage paint</td> <td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Improper use will cause swirls, excessive paint removal or paint burns.</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> You`d have to be an ape to damage the paint.</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Effectiveness on paint with heavy oxidation or severe micro marring</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Potentially eliminates all superficial surface damage.</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Paint looks much better than it did, but may not remove all surface damage.</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"> <p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Results</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Highest gloss and deepest shine possible.</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Much better than hand polishing, but will not` compare to rotary.</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Amount of polish required</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> May require slightly more than a dual-action polisher, but not nearly as much as hand polishing.</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%">
<p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Most efficient method.</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Pros</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Absolutely best final results.` Fastest of all polishing methods.</td> <td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p align="right" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Safe, effective and easy to use.</td></tr><tr><td width="25%" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"> <p style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Cons</td> <td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%" align="left"><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left:3; margin-right:3"> Much higher potential to cause paint damage.` Requires significant time investment to` master.</td><td width="25%" valign="top" border-style: solid; border-width: 1; padding: .75pt; background-position: 0% 50%"><p style="margin-left: 3; margin-right: 3">Somewhat limited results compared to rotary polishing, but better than hand polishing.</td></tr></table>
I often get questions like "Who should use a rotary buffer and why?" or "What`s better, a dual-action polisher or a buffer?"` This is not an easy question, because no matter what I say, there is an opposing and equally valid response.
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http://www.autopia.org/ebook/PC7424.jpg</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" valign="top">This is the original Porter Cable 7424 random-orbit polisher.` This is a great machine, but not perfect.` A good upgrade is a 5" Velcro backing plate and Velcro-backed pads.` This is the first random-orbit polisher I`ve used that has enough power to satisfy the most demanding professionals.</td></tr></table><table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><tr><td width="100%" valign="top" align="center">
http://www.autopia.org/ebook/HD-UNOPOXYDAP-KIT-MED.jpg</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" valign="top"> This car polisher kit by High Definition Car Care (http://www.hdcarcare.com/dual-action-polisher-polish-wax-kit.html) includes`two grades of foam pads, a 5" flexible backing plate, polish, wax and towels.`` This system requires two fewer pads and polishes than the previous generation system, saving both time and money.</td></tr></table>
Rotary buffers are for trained professionals and serious enthusiasts with experience.` The possibility of ruining a paint job with a rotary buffer is very high when a powerful, rotating machine is put in the hands of an unskilled person.` Rotary buffers spin at speeds up to 3600 rpm.` One small slip, and you`ll pop off a molding, burn a hole in your paint, or break off a windshield wiper.` I`ve seen each of these mishaps, so I know it can happen.` That said, the rotary buffer is my tool of choice.` I put myself in the category of a serious enthusiast with lots of experience, and I have had two minor mishaps in 20 years.` For me the result is worth the small risk.
A good dual-action polisher can also deliver great results on all but the worst paint finishes.` For this reason alone, I think most enthusiasts and novice detailers should invest in a dual-action polisher, not a rotary buffer.
Polishing machines can be purchased for as little as $50 or as much as $300.` The difference in capability is significant.` At the low end are low-power orbital polishers.` These machines are designed for the average car owner who wants an easier way to polish and wax his or her car.` Although they will make the job of polishing and waxing easier, they will not improve the resulting finish of your car.` At the high end you will find multipurpose detailing machines, like the Porter Cable 7424, that polish, buff, and scrub carpet and upholstery.
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http://www.autopia.org/ebook/Rotary%20Polishing%201.jpg</td></tr><tr><td width="100%"> A rotary buffer in the hands of a skilled technician can create an amazing finish.` This show truck is being restored back to top condition.` Notice the use of masking tape to protect the trim. </td></tr></table>
<h3>Car Buffing & Polishing Pads</h3>There are two basic pad types: cutting and polishing.` A cutting pad is used with a polish or machine cleaning compound to remove oxidation and fine scratches.` Cutting pads make quick work, but will leave noticeable swirl marks, especially on dark finishes.` After buffing with a cutting pad, you will need to make a second pass with a polishing pad and glaze to remove swirl marks and improve luster.
Cutting pads, also called leveling pads, should be wool.` There are a lot of synthetic "wool" pads on the market.` Don`t touch them!` Nothing beats lamb`s wool.` Nothing is safer than lamb`s wool.
Polishing pads, often called finishing or waxing pads, are foam rubber.` These are the only pads safe to use on a clearcoat finish.` Do not use a cutting pad on a clearcoat finish.` That said, some expert body shops will use a cutting pad on a clearcoat finish when blending a repair.
<h3>Compounds, Polishes & Glazes</h3>Always use the least abrasive polish necessary to get the job done.` Any polish you use with a buffer or rotary polisher should state "for machine use" in the instructions.
I know I`ve said it before, but I feel it`s worth repeating: Be very careful using a rubbing compound with a machine.` A rubbing compound is nothing more than sandpaper in liquid form.` If your paint needs light compounding, it`s best to do it by hand.` If you must use a buffer or rotary polisher, compound flat areas only and stay away from edges.
Next up from rubbing compounds are cleaners.` Paint cleaners are basically a fine cut compound for polishing paint with heavy or moderate oxidation.` Paint cleaner polishes will quickly remove the top layer of dead paint, revealing paint that can be rejuvenated.
Polishes are the paint finish workhorse.` Unlike rubbing compounds and cleaners, a polish has very little cutting action.` A good machine polish will remove small blemishes and restore gloss.` A quality polish contains oils to lubricate paint surface for the best polishing action and a high-gloss finish.
<h3>Preventing Car Polisher Paint Burns</h3>Buffing or burning through your car`s paint is perhaps the greatest danger in using a machine.` The risk of paint damage can be largely diminished if you follow a few simple rules.
A paint burn is caused by heat buildup on the buffing pad due to friction.` Paint burning occurs on the edges of a body panel, not in the middle.` I cannot recall seeing a buffer burn though paint in the middle of a hood, door or fender.` It is the small surface area of the buffing pad edge that builds heat quickly, making a burn possible.
To prevent burns, you need to know how the rotary buffer works.` With few exceptions, buffers rotate clockwise.` When using a buffer, lift the left side of the buffer slightly (a half inch or so).` Move the buffer in smooth left to right strokes.` It is best to focus pad contact on the 12 o`clock to the 4 o`clock quadrant (i.e., the right edge when looking at the top of the buffer).` In this way, the buffing pad will always rotate off the edge of a panel.
The reason for lifting the left side of the buffer is to prevent the trailing edge of the buffing pad from driving into a body panel edge.` The trailing edge of the pad driving into a body edge creates so much friction it can rapidly burn through the finish.` By rolling the right side of the pad off the body panel edge and lifting the left side, you can significantly reduce the risk of burning.
To further reduce the risk of burning, buff up to edges and body ridges, not on them.` When buffing raised peaks or body lines, keep the buffing pad as flat as possible, and slow the buffer speed.` Keep the buffing machine moving at all times.` If you allow the buffing pad to spin in one spot for more than a few seconds, you`re inviting disaster.` Other tricks include opening the door, trunk or hood slightly.` This gives you an edge to roll off of when buffing.` Always slow buffer speed when approaching an edge.
The operating speed of your buffer is very important.` I highly recommend using slower speeds.` Speeds between 1200 and 2000 rpm are sufficient on most modern finishes. The slower speeds can also be used on older finishes to achieve good results.` Just remember, slower speeds create less friction, thereby reducing the chance of burns.
<h3>Car Polisher Techniques</h3>Safety first.` Wear goggles or work glasses when buffing.` Remove all hand and wrist jewelry.
Just like polishing and waxing by hand, buff a section at a time.` Always start with the least abrasive polish you can.` Polish a section more than once if the results are not satisfactory.` If you are not getting the result you want, try a slightly more abrasive polish.` Like I said, it is unlikely that a single polish will do it all.` For example, the front of your car gets the most damage.` It may require a medium-grit polish to bring the front areas up to par, while the remainder of the car buffs up fine with a mild polish.
To properly machine polish, you will need your polish in a squeeze bottle.` Squeeze a couple of lines (6 to 9 inches) of polish on the panel you want to polish.` Pre-lubricate your buffing pad with a shot or two of water or detailing spray.` Start the machine slowly, with the pad on the panel to the right of the lines of polish.` Lift the left side of the pad slightly, and slowly move into the polish.` The rotating pad will pull the polish in and begin distributing it on the paint.
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http://www.autopia.org/ebook/ApplyingPolish.jpg</td></tr><tr><td width="100%"> If you`re new to machine polishing, apply your polish to the buffing pad, not the surface of the car.</td></tr></table>
If you`re brand new to machine polishing, don`t worry.` Start learning by applying a single line of polish around the edge of the buffing pad (as shown above).` Don`t use too much polish, or it will splatter everywhere and take too long to buff out.` The amount I have applied here will be enough to buff a complete fender on a small car.` Before starting the polisher or rotary buffer, lay the pad on the paint surface to be worked and spread the polish around.
Once the polish is distributed over the area you`re working on, you can begin to increase speed a bit.` If you`re using a rotary buffer, do not run above 1500 to 1800 rpm.` If you`re using a Porter Cable 7424 dual-action buffer, there`s no reason to run the machine higher than 4.5.` Work the polish in well, using overlapping left-to-right and top-to-bottom passes.` There`s no need to rush, but remember to keep the pad moving.
As the polish begins to "buff out," and the shine on the paint begins to come up, the polish and buffer have done their work.` Don`t keep buffing the dry panel.` It`s no longer productive, and you risk burning the paint.` If you`re not happy with the results, add more polish and keep going.` Remember to stay off the edges!
When working on top panels like the hood, trunk or top, you can keep the electrical cord from rubbing on your freshly polished paint by draping it over your shoulder.` It`s also best to remove your belt or anything else you might be wearing that would damage your paint.
Be sure to check your buffing pad periodically, as it will become caked with polish.` Use a pad spur to clean it.` Lay the buffer across the top of your leg and turn the machine on.` Gently press the pad spur into the pad, starting at the outer edge, and run it into the center.` Foam pads can be cleaned with soap and water for end-of-day cleanup.` Allow pads to drip dry.
Machine polishing is messy.` The polish will fling off about 6 feet or so.` You can prevent the splatter mess on your car by using an old sheet.` Simply cover the area of the car you`re not working on.` Cover the things in your garage you don`t want splattered, too.
<h3>CAR POLISHING SUMMARY</h3>Polishing paint is a acquired skill.` It can take years to master.` If you`re planning to use a machine, my best advice is to practice on older cars.` Most importantly, select the correct polish for the job.` Use the chart at the beginning of the chapter to help determine which polish grade you should be using.` Once you`ve selected the right polish, make sure you use the right tools.