http://www.lipid.co.uk/infores/Lipids/waxes/
"The nature of the other lipid constituents can vary greatly with the source of the waxy material, but they include hydrocarbons, sterol esters, aliphatic aldehydes, alcohols and ketones, beta-diketones, triacylglycerols, and many more. Also, the chain-length and degree of unsaturation and branching of the aliphatic constituents will vary with the origin of the wax, but other than in waxes of marine origin or from some higher animals, the aliphatic moieties tend to be saturated or monoenoic."
"Plant leaf surfaces are coated with a thin layer of waxy material that serves a myriad of functions. This layer is microcrystalline in structure and forms the outer boundary of the cuticular membrane; it is the interface between the plant and the atmosphere. It has a myriad of functions limiting the diffusion of water and solutes, while permitting a controlled release of volatiles. It provides protection from disease and insects, and helps the plants resist drought. As plants cover much of the earth's surface, it seems likely that plant waxes are the most abundant of all natural lipids... [Carnauba] contains mainly wax esters (85%), accompanied by small amounts of free acids and alcohols, hydrocarbons and resins. The wax esters constitute C16 to C20 fatty acids linked to C30 to C34 alcohols, giving C46 to C54 molecular species."
Table 1. The major constituents of plant leaf waxes
Compound/Structure
n-Alkanes CH3(CH2)xCH3 21 to 35C - odd numbered
Alkyl esters CH3(CH2)xCOO(CH2)yCH3 34 to 62C - even numbered
Fatty acids CH3(CH2)xCOOH 16 to 32C - even numbered
Fatty alcohols (primary) CH3(CH2)yCH2OH 22 to 32C - even numbered
Fatty aldehydes CH3(CH2)yCHO 22 to 32C - even numbered
Ketones CH3(CH2)xCO(CH2)yCH3 23 to 33C - odd numbered
Fatty alcohols (secondary) CH3(CH2)xCHOH (CH2)yCH3 23 to 33C - odd numbered
ß-Diketones CH3(CH2)xCOCH2CO(CH2)yCH3 27 to 33C - odd numbered
Triterpenols Sterols, alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, uvaol, lupeol, erythrodiol
Triterpenoid acids Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, etc
"In addtion, there may be hydroxy-ß-diketones, oxo-ß-diketones, alkenes, branched alkanes, acids, esters, acetates and benzoates of aliphatic alcohols, methyl, phenylethyl and triterpenoid esters, and many more.
The amount of each lipid class and the nature and proportions of the various molecular species within each class vary greatly according to the plant species and the site of wax deposition (leaf, flower, fruit, etc.) and some data for some well-studied species are listed in Table 2."
Tom