As fenrir said, hardness is a measure of the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in water. Water hardness varies throughout the United States. And Indiana is one of the states that generally has water that is classified as "very hard" (>180mg/l usually measured as calcuim carbanate).
Remember water has been called the "universal solvent." As rain falls in the atmosphere, it absorbs CO2 from the air to form carbonic acid (so much for "as pure as rain water"). In industural areas it also absorbs some nitrogen and sulfur compounds from the air to make other acids, TA DA - acid rain.
As rain water moves through the ground, it dissolves small amounts of minerals and holds them in solution. Calcium and magnesium dissolved in water are the two most common minerals that make water "hard." This is why hard water is prevalent in wells.
Hardness is not limited to gound water sources (wells), surface water sources can also be hard. A couple of days after it rains the water you see in streams and rivers is not from overland flow, its from groundwater recharge.
Hard water is not a health hazard. In fact, there are studies that state hard drinking water generally contributes a small amount toward total calcium and magnesium human dietary needs. So public supplies rarely treat for it.
If you are on a city water system, the water supplier can tell you the hardness level of the water they deliver. If you have private water, you can have the water tested for hardness. Most water testing laboratories offer hardness tests for a small fee.
JayDub describes the indications of hard water. If you have hard water, and want to get rid of it, the solution is a water softener of some type. Be sure to look into the various kinds of softeners as some increase alkalinity and this may damage skin and other materials, some form an insoluble precipitate with calcium and magnesium ions, but the precipitate makes water cloudy,and some introduce sodium which is a no-no for people on restricted diets and is not good for lawns, and gardens.
BTW: Remember I said CO2+water=carbonic acid. Your teeth are made of calcium and soda pop is water+CO2 . That's why it dissolves your tooth enamal
